Geography Resources & Reference

Comprehensive reference materials for coordinates, time zones, and geographic calculations.

Coordinate Format Guide

Decimal Degrees (DD)

40.7128, -74.0060

Most common format. Used by GPS devices and online maps.

Degrees Minutes Seconds (DMS)

40°42'46"N, 74°00'22"W

Traditional format. Used in navigation and surveying.

Degrees Decimal Minutes (DDM)

40°42.767'N, 74°00.367'W

Hybrid format. Used in marine navigation.

Time Zone Reference

UTC-12
UTC-12:00
Baker Island, Howland Island
UTC-11
UTC-11:00
American Samoa, Niue
UTC-10
UTC-10:00
Hawaii, Tahiti
UTC-9
UTC-09:00
Alaska
UTC-8
UTC-08:00
Los Angeles, Vancouver
UTC-7
UTC-07:00
Denver, Phoenix
UTC-6
UTC-06:00
Chicago, Mexico City
UTC-5
UTC-05:00
New York, Toronto
UTC-4
UTC-04:00
Santiago, Halifax
UTC-3
UTC-03:00
São Paulo, Buenos Aires
UTC-2
UTC-02:00
South Georgia
UTC-1
UTC-01:00
Cape Verde, Azores
UTC+0
UTC±00:00
London, Lisbon
UTC+1
UTC+01:00
Paris, Berlin, Rome
UTC+2
UTC+02:00
Cairo, Athens, Helsinki
UTC+3
UTC+03:00
Moscow, Istanbul, Nairobi
UTC+4
UTC+04:00
Dubai, Baku
UTC+5
UTC+05:00
Karachi, Tashkent
UTC+5:30
UTC+05:30
Mumbai, Delhi, Colombo
UTC+6
UTC+06:00
Dhaka, Almaty
UTC+7
UTC+07:00
Bangkok, Jakarta, Hanoi
UTC+8
UTC+08:00
Beijing, Singapore, Perth
UTC+9
UTC+09:00
Tokyo, Seoul
UTC+10
UTC+10:00
Sydney, Melbourne
UTC+11
UTC+11:00
Solomon Islands
UTC+12
UTC+12:00
Auckland, Fiji

Distance Calculation Methods

Haversine Formula

Calculates the shortest distance between two points on a sphere (great circle distance). Accurate for most applications within Earth-scale distances.

a = sin²(Δφ/2) + cos φ₁ · cos φ₂ · sin²(Δλ/2)
c = 2 · atan2(√a, √(1−a))
d = R · c

Common Earth Radii

  • Mean radius: 6,371 km (3,959 miles)
  • Equatorial radius: 6,378 km (3,963 miles)
  • Polar radius: 6,357 km (3,950 miles)

Climate Zone Classifications

Tropical (0° - 23.5°)

Hot year-round, high humidity, minimal temperature variation

Subtropical (23.5° - 35°)

Warm summers, mild winters, moderate rainfall

Temperate (35° - 66.5°)

Four distinct seasons, moderate climate

Polar (66.5° - 90°)

Extremely cold, long dark winters, short summers

Quick Conversions

Distance

  • 1 km = 0.621371 miles
  • 1 mile = 1.60934 km
  • 1 nautical mile = 1.852 km

Speed (Travel Times)

  • Walking: ~5 km/h (3 mph)
  • Driving: ~80 km/h (50 mph)
  • Flying: ~800 km/h (500 mph)

Need more travel reference material? Explore CalendarIQ for herramientas de matemáticas de calendario y consulta de fechas and TimezoneToolbox for utilidades avanzadas de conversión de tiempo y zonas horarias .